Subject and object pronouns

Personal pronouns have subject and object forms. The subject forms are: I, we, he, she, it, you and they.

The object forms are: me, us, him, her, it, you and them.

Subject forms (nominative case) are used when the pronoun is the subject of the verb.

Object forms (objective case) are used when the pronoun is the object of the verb.

Note that the pronouns it and you have the same form in the nominative and the objective case.

Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences using an appropriate pronoun.

Exercise 2: SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

Exercise 3: Object pronouns 

Past of be

To Be - Past Tense

The past tense of To Be in English has two forms: WAS and WERE

To Be - Affirmative

Subject	To Be	Examples
I	was	I was tired this morning.
You	were	You were very good.
He	was	He was the best in his class.
She	was	She was late for work.
It	was	It was a sunny day.
We	were	We were at home.
You	were	You were on holiday.
They	were	They were happy with their test results.

To Be - Negative Sentences

The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb (was or were).

Subject	To Be	Examples
I	was not	I was not tired this morning.
You	were not	You were not crazy.
He	was not	He was not married.
She	was not	She was not famous.
It	was not	It was not hot yesterday.
We	were not	We were not invited.
You	were not	You were not at the party.
They	were not	They were not friends.

To Be - Negative Contractions

The can make negative contractions of the verb To Be in the Past tense by joining the verb (was or were) and n't(e.g. were not = weren't). We don't make a contraction of the subject and the verb (e.g. I was).

I was not tired this morning.	OR	I wasn't tired this morning.
You were not crazy.	OR	You weren't crazy.
He was not married.	OR	He wasn't married.
She was not famous.	OR	She wasn't famous.
It was not hot yesterday.	OR	It wasn't hot yesterday.
We were not invited.	OR	We weren't invited.
You were not at the party.	OR	You weren't at the party.
They were not friends.	OR	They weren't friends.

To Be - Questions

To create questions with To Be, you put the Verb before the Subject.

Affirmative	You	were	happy.
	Subject	Verb
Question	Were	you	happy?
	Verb	Subject

Affirmative	Question
I was late	Was I late?
You were sick.	Were you sick?
He was surprised.	Was he surprised?
She was from Italy.	Was she from Italy?
It was a big house.	Was it a big house?
We were ready.	Were we ready?
You were early.	Were you early?
They were busy.	Were they busy?

Exercise 1: Was or Were?
Exercise 2: Use was not or were not.
Exercise 3: Was vs Were in Questions

Simple past statements: regular verbs

Simple Past Tense

English Grammar

In general, the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished at a definite time in the past.

How to form the Past Tense in English

The main rule is that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past tense.
(The exception is the Past tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)

This is totally different from other languages such as Spanish, French, Italian etc. where you change the verb ending for every subject.

For example: The past tense of the verb want is wanted.
Wanted is used as the past tense for all subjects/pronouns.

• I wanted
• You wanted
• He wanted
• She wanted
• It wanted
• We wanted
• They wanted

Past Tense Regular Verbs

To change a regular verb into its past tense form, we normally add –ED to the end of the verb.

• play – played
• cook – cooked
• rain – rained
• wait – waited

Negative sentences in the Past Tense

We use didn't (did not) to make a negative sentence in the past tense.
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)

Compare the following:

Present: They don't live in Canada.
Past: They didn't live in Canada.

The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive). The auxiliary DIDN'T shows that the sentence is negative AND in the past tense.

NOTICE: The only difference between a negative sentence in the present tense and a negative sentence in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.

Both don't and doesn't in the present tense become didn't in the past tense.

Compare the negative sentences in the examples below:

Present: You don't need a mechanic.
Past: You didn't need a mechanic.

Present: You don't walk to work.
Past: You didn't walk to work.

Present: He doesn't speak Japanese.
Past: He didn't speak Japanese.

Examples of negative sentences in the Past Tense

• I didn't want to go to the dentist.
• She didn't have time.
• You didn't close the door.
• He didn't come to my party.
• They didn't study so they didn't pass the test.
• We didn't sleep well last night.

Exercise 1: Negative of simple past 
Exercise 2: Regular verbs: -d / -ed / -ied
       

Wh-questions with did, was, and were

 The 'wh' questions with 'be' (the question word just goes at the beginning, everything else is the same):

'Wh' Questions with 'Be'

why was I sleepy?

where were you?

when was he at the cinema?

how was she?

how was it?

why were we hungry?

when were they at work? Wh' Questions where did I go? what did you play? what did he cook? why did she listen? when did it rain? where did we eat? how did they travel?

Exercise 1: Did, was or were
Exercise 2: Past Simple Tense - "Wh" Questions

Simple past statements: irregular verbs

Irregular verbs:

There is no rule for these verbs. You should learn them by heart.

The infinitive	The simple past
be	was/were
write	wrote
come	came
do	did
meet	met
speak	spoke

he forms of the simple past:

The Affirmative form of the simple past:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they	played.
	wrote
	did.

Examples:

• I played tennis with my friends yesterday.
• I finished lunch and I did my homework.

The interrogative form of the simple past:

Did	I, you, he, she, it, we, they	play?
		write
		do?

 Examples:

• Did you play basketball yesterday?
• Did you watch television?
• Did you do the homework?

The negative form of the simple past:

I, you, he, she, it, we, they	did not/didn't	play
		write
		do

• I didn't like the food in the wedding last Saturday.
• I didn't eat it.

Exercise 1: Simple Past Tense.

Exercise 2: Past simple affirmative: irregular verbs

Simple past yes/no questions

The interrogative form of the simple past:

Did	I, you, he, she, it, we, they	play?
		write
		do?

Examples:

• Did you play basketball yesterday?
• Did you watch television?
• Did you do the homework?

Exercise 1: Put in the correct verb form into the gap. Use Simple Past.
Exercise 2: Short Answers - Past Tense

Prepositions of place

See the video about prepositions of place 

Exercise 1: Prepositions of place
Exercise 2: Asking and giving directions
Exercise 3: Map Reading Activity

Parts of the body

Exercise 1: Body Parts 
Exercise 2: Choose the names of these parts of the body
Exercise 3: Find the right word

Directions

Exercise 1:  Asking and Giving Directions
Exercise 2: Asking directions:
Exercise 3: Directions 

Have + noun; feel+adjective

See the video about health problems 

The difference between sick and ill

To most people, both sick and ill more or less mean the same thing,

 that you are not in a healthy condition.

Sick is less formal than ill and usually describes short-term ailments or diseases

(like a cold or cough). Sick can also refer to feeling nauseous. In British English,

 to be sick can mean to vomit.

Ill is often for more serious health problems (like cancer or pneumonia)

but can also be used for short-term ones.

Illness (noun) refers to a medical condition. Sickness (noun) refers to

how you feel.

The difference between ache and pain

ACHE is a continuous or prolonged dull pain in a part of the body.

It can often be a throbbing sensation that covers more than one point.

You can sometimes try and ignore an ache.

PAIN is physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury.

It is usually a sharp sensation in a specific part of the body and hurts more than an ache.

Exercise 1: HOW DO YOU FEEL?
Exercise 2: What's wrong?
Exercise 3: Health problems

Imperatives

See this interesting video about imperative

1. The form of the Imperative

We use the infinitive to form the Imperative.

Affirmative sentences	Negative sentences
Come here.	Don't come now.
Clean the bathroom.	Don't clean the living room.
Help your father.	Don't play on the computer.

Use the exclamation only when you want to make an exclamation,

e.g. Stop! Help!

2. The Imperative with let's

Affirmative sentences	Negative sentences
Let's ask the teacher.	Let's not ask the teacher.

Exercise 1:  The Imperative
Exercise 2: Construct the negative form of the imperative.
Exercise 3:  The imperative in English